The systematic reviews that used meta-analytic analyses, narrative analyses, or both, were eligible. Based on the studies evaluated, there is sufficient evidence to recommend the use of activity trackers.Īs follows: any human population of any age as the population use of a wearable activity tracker as the intervention (ie, pedometer, accelerometer, activity monitor, or a step-counting smartphone application) no intervention, usual care, waiting list control, or similar intervention without an activity-tracker component as the comparator physical activity (eg, step count or minutes of activity), or downstream physiological or psychosocial outcomes (ie, outcomes that might derive from physical activity, such as bodyweight and wellbeing) as the outcome and systematic reviews of experimental studies as the study design. ![]() The benefit is clinically important and is sustained over time. ![]() Activity trackers appear to be effective at increasing physical activity in a variety of age groups and clinical and non-clinical populations. Effects for other physiological (blood pressure, cholesterol, and glycosylated haemoglobin) and psychosocial (quality of life and pain) outcomes were typically small and often non-significant. Taken together, the meta-analyses suggested activity trackers improved physical activity (standardised mean difference 0♳–0♶), body composition (SMD 0♷–2♰), and fitness (SMD 0♳), equating to approximately 1800 extra steps per day, 40 min per day more walking, and reductions of approximately 1 kg in bodyweight. In total, 39 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were identified, reporting results from 163 992 participants spanning all age groups, from both healthy and clinical populations. Systematic reviews of primary studies using activity trackers as interventions and reporting physical activity, physiological, or psychosocial outcomes were eligible for inclusion. Seven databases (Embase, MEDLINE, Ovid Emcare, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched from database inception to April 8, 2021. This systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (umbrella review) aimed to examine the effectiveness of activity trackers for improving physical activity and related physiological and psychosocial outcomes in clinical and non-clinical populations. Wearable activity trackers offer an appealing, low-cost tool to address physical inactivity.
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